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example of 3rd year chemistry investigatory project?
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Prototype Nickel-Tin Catalytic Converter
Public utility jeepneys (PUJ) contribute largely to air pollution giving adverse effect in the environment. The PUJ engine exhaust is composed of toxic and hazardous gases like carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC), to name a few. As PUJ engine ages, the concentration of gases likewise increases. The concentration of gases in the engine exhaust also increases due to incomplete combustion.
As a result, large volumes of toxic and hazardous gases emitted in the atmosphere can possibly affect health, the quality of life, and the natural functioning of ecosystems. This study aims to design, fabricate and evaluate the efficiency of a Prototype Nickel-Tin (Tn-Sn) Catalytic Converter. The Ni-Sn serves as the catalyst in the chemical reaction of 2CO + O2= 2CO2; and 2C6H6 + 3O2 = 12C + 6H2O in the converter. Its efficiency is evaluated through the reduction of CO concentration (%) and HC concentration (ppm) after the engine exhaust passed through the catalytic converter and analyzed using the NDIR gas analyzer. Findings revealed that the Ni-Sn catalytic converter reduced 65.14% and 49.65% of CO and HC concentration emission, respectively. This implies that Ni-Sn served as an effective catalyst during oxidation-reduction process occurring in the converter. Therefore, the Prototype Ni-Sn Catalytic Converter can be utilized to efficiently reduce CO and HC concentration emissions in the atmosphere. This is a new device that can possibly be commercialized for use and possible mandatory installation in PUJs. This could be done in the future to reduce toxic and hazardous gases emitted in the environment.
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Post harvest Shelflife of Table Bananas with Chitosan Coating
Techniques to manipulate the ripening of fruits transported from the farmland to the market are varied but they are either complicated or expensive. For small farmers and even fruit vendors, the use of chemical agents to delay the ripening of fruits is seldom resorted to. For large fruit dealers, paraffin waxes and chemical coatings, which are inedible, are used. Chitosan coating is one agent that has been proven to delay the ripening of non-climacteric fruits (e.g. apples, oranges, peaches). However, this has not been extensively studied among climacteric fruits (e.g. tropical fruits such as papaya, bananas, mangoes).
This study used chitosan coating to manipulate such ripening in table bananas (Musa sapientum). The concentration at which this worked better was determined and the quality of the fruits with treatments were evaluated. Powdered shrimp exoskeletons were obtained for the production of chitosan. This underwent three processes (deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation) for conversion to chitosan. Two different sets were weighed and diluted in 1.0% acetic acid for subsequent preparation of concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%). Recording of weights of bananas was done daily. The day on which ripening occurred was also noted. After nine days evaluation, the samples were tested for the soluble solids present and the pH as well. Results show that the chitosan coating can indeed delay ripening of table bananas. The higher concentration yielded a lower percentage of ripening among the samples. The quality of the ripened fruits was compared to the untreated samples with respect to pH and soluble solids.
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Fish Scales Wastes for the Recovery of Astaxanthin
Fish Scales Wastes from Selected Teleosts-Innovative Sorption Materials for the Recovery of Astaxanthin. This study shows the potential use of fish scales of telleosts chanos and Tilapia nilotica as natural sorption materials in the recovery of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin, a feed additive, is a major carotenoid responsible for the pink-red pigmentation of fish and shrimps.
Aquatic animals cannot synthesize this thus it must be supplemented in their diet. Aside from being a colorant, astaxanthin has both biological and nutritional importance as well as antioxidant property. Astaxanthin therefore needs to be recovered from wastewaters that have been colored with astaxanthin as it may pose serious environmental threats.
Fish scales of teleosts: Chanos chanos and Tilapia nilotica were utilized for recovering astaxanthin. The innovation in adsorption is the utilization of solid wastes as natural sorption material and their availability at minimal cost. Synthetic astaxanthin dissolved in water was made to flow in "Fish Scale Adsorption Apparatus" (FSAA) containing unshredded or shredded scales. Comparison of treatments based on the discoloration of filtrate to be released from the FSAA and the length of time the flow lasted revealed that shredded tilapia scales were most effective in retaining the pigments. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface of tilapia scales revealed porous tooth-like structures called sclerits. These pores along with particles scattered on the interspacing between sclerits� particles were inferred to bind the pigment. Based on the effective filtration features of the tilapia fish scales, it is suggested that the scales be used in wastewater treatment of different factories. Moreover, fish scales as sorption materials for heavy metals should be explored.
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